Morphological Fitness Profile and the Prevalence of Hypertension and Diabetes among Benguet State University Employees
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Jun 30, 2022
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Abstract
Morphologic fitness reflects the quality of health and wellbeing hence, as key to lifelong vitality and longevity. The study assessed the morphological fitness of BSU employees using (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), and Waist Circumference (WC). Measurements generated are sex-disaggregated data of anthropometry according to sex and age; the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors: hypertension, overweight/ obesity, and diabetes, and the association between HPN and diabetes among overweight/obese employees. The study is a descriptive cross-sectional survey that involved 325 employees. Results indicate that employees are obese class 1; Sex is a risk factor for BFP and WC, where females had higher BFP while males have higher WC. Age directly relates to BMI, BFP, and WC. The prevalent cardiovascular risk factors are overweight/obesity (82%) HPN (17.5%), diabetes (3.38%). The prevalence of HPN among overweight/obese is 17.28% and 27% respectively and 7.1% and 7.69% among the non-obese. The odds ratio is 2.71 for males and 4.44 for females. The prevalence of diabetes among overweight/obese is 14.28% and 3.7% respectively and 1% and 2.5% among the non-obese. The odds ratio is 17 for males and 1.5 for females. The risk factor demonstrated is obesity which can be managed through lifestyle modifications for a better quality of life.
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Seidell, J.C., Perusse, L., Despres, J.P., & Bouchard, C. (2020). Waist and hip circumference have independent and opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Quebec Family Study. The American Journal of Clinical nutrition, 74, 315-321.
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Bouchard, C., Bray, G.A., & Hubbard, V.S. (1990). The Basic and Clinical Aspects of Regional Fat Distribution. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52(5), 946-950. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/52.5.946
Calle, E.E., Rodriquez, C., Walker-Thurmond, K., & Thurn, M.J. (2013). “Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in Prospectively Studied Cohort of US Adults, New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 1625-1638.
Carter, P.A., (2008). Self-care agency: The concept and how it is measured. Journal of Fitness Measurement, 6, 195-207.
Chen, M.S., Chiu, C.H., Chen, H.S. (2021). Risk Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Involving Occupations and Socioeconomic Status. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 11(12). https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e042802
Chobanian, A.V., Barkis, G.L., Black, H.P, Cushman, W.C., Green, L.A. Izzo, J.L., Jones, D.W. Materson, B.J. Oparil, S.O, & Wright, J.T. (2003). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 42(6).
Choi, H.K., Willett, W.C. Stamper, M.J., Rimm, E. Hu, F.B. (2020). Dairy Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men/Women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(9), 997-1003. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/1152788
Department of Health Control (DOH) and Human Services Center for Disease Control and Prevention (HSCDCP). (2018). Adult BMI. http://www.cdc.gov/healthweightassesing/bmi/adultbmi/index.html
Dijk Van, S.B., Takken, T., Prinsen, E. C., & Wittink, H. (2012). Different anthropometric adiposity measures and their association with cardiovascular disease risk factors: a metaanalysis. Netherlands heart journal, 20(5), 208-218. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12471-011-0237-7
Donatelle, R.J., (2009). Health, the Basics. 7th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc. as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St. San Francisco, CA 94111.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology. (2013). National Nutrition Survey. https://www. fnri.dost.gov.ph/index.php/nutrition-statistic/19-nutrition-statistic/118-8th-national-nutrition-survey
Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology. (2015). National Nutrition Survey. http://enutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/site/uploads/2015_OVERVIEW.pdf
Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology. (2019). National Nutrition Survey. http://enutrition.fnri.dost.gov.ph/site/uploads/2019%20ENNS%20Results%20Dissemination_Overview.pdf
Gast, H., Denyes, M., Campbell, J., Hartwag, D., Schott-Baer, D., & Isenberg, M. (2009). Self-Care Agency; Conceptualization and operationalization. Advances in Nursing Science, 12, 26-38. https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A12286/datastream/OBJ/view
Goh, L.G., Dhaliwal, S., Welborn, T., Lee, A. H., & Della, P.R. (2014). Anthropometric Measurements of General and Central Obesity and the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMJ open, 4(2). https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/2/e004138.short
Goonasegaran, A.R., Nabila, F., & Shahada, N.S. (2012). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Body Mass Index and Body Fat Percentage in Defining Body Composition. Singapore medical journal, 53(6), 403-408. https://europepmc.org/article/med/22711041
Hales, D. (2017). An Invitation to Health: The Power of Now. 17th Edition. Cengage Learning. Boston, USA.
Heatherton, T.F., & Wyland, C.L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 219–233). American Psychological Association. (pp. 219–233). https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-014
Heyward, V. (2018). Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription. 5th Ed. Champaign (IL) Human Kinetics, (pp. 247-249).
Hoeger, W., & Towson, A. (2018). Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness. 15th Ed. CENGAGE Learning, Boston, MA USA.
Jackson, A.S., & Pollock, M.I., (1985). Practical assessment of body composition. Physician Sports Medicine, 13(5), 76-90. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00913847.1985.11708790
Kirk, S., Zeller, M., Claylor, R., & Santangelo, M., (2019). The Relationship of Health Outcomes to Improvement in BMI in Adults. Obesity Research, 13, 898-98. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1038/oby.2005.101
McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., & Katch, V.L., (2015). Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. 8th Ed. Wolter Kluwer Health 351 West Camden St. Baltimore, MD 21201. https://www.worldcat.org/title/exercisephysiology-nutrition-energy-and-humanperformance/oclc/427608809
Moncef, C., & Said, M., (2012). Influence of Morphological Characteristics on Physical and Physiological Performances of Tunisian Elite Male Handball Players. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(2), 74-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426725/
Moreira-Andres, M.N., Canizo-Gomez, F.J. del., Losa, M.A., Ferrando-Vivas, P. (2004). Comparison of Anthropometric Parameters as Predictors of Serum Lipids in Premenopausal. Journal of Endocrinology Investigation, 27(4), 340-347. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03351059
Orem, D.E., & Taylor, S.G., (2006). Nursing: Concepts of Practice . 8th Ed. St. Louis; Mosby, (p. 80)
Park, S.K., Ryoo, J.H., Oh, C.M., Choi, J.M., Chung, P.W., & Jung, J.Y. (2019). Body fat percentage, obesity, and their relation to the incidental risk of hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 21(10), 1496-1504). https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13667
Philippine Association for the Study of Overweight and Obesity. (2020). Unit 2502 25/F Medical Plaza Ortigas, San Miguel Avenue Pasig, City, Philippines
Pischon T. (2018). Commentary: Use of The Body Mass Index to Assess The Risk of Health Outcomes: Time to Say Goodbye?. International journal of epidemiology, 39, 528–529. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp388
Reddy R.R., & Nambiar, S. (2018) Correlation of anthropometric indices with lipid profile in adult females. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 8(4), 512-516). http://njppp.comfulltext/28-1509009190.pdf
Schalock, R.L., & Alonso, M.A., (2002). Handbook on quality of life for human service practitioners. American Association on Mental Retardation. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-06790-000
Seidell, J.C., Perusse, L., Despres, J.P., & Bouchard, C. (2020). Waist and hip circumference have independent and opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Quebec Family Study. The American Journal of Clinical nutrition, 74, 315-321.
Sugerman, H.J., & Kral, J.G. (2015). Evidence-based medicine reports on obesity surgery: A critique. International Journal of Obesity, 15(4), 215-200.
Ventegodt, S., Andersen, N. J., & Merrick, J. (2003). Quality of life philosophy I. Quality of life, happiness, and meaning in life. The Scientific World Journal, 3, 1164–1175. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2003.102
World Health Organization. (2018). “The World Health Report 2018” Reducing risk, Promoting Healthy Life (Geneva, Switzerland).
World Health Organization. (2021). Noncommunicable Disease and its Risk Factors August 23. Health Organization, Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/riskfactors/overweight text/on